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PREP 07 Essay 10(350字,长文,4个题)
【题目纯享】
Conventional wisdom has it that large deficits in the United States budget cause interest rates to rise.世界杯投注中心 Two main arguments are given for this claim. According to the first, as the deficit increases, the government will borrow more to make up for the ensuing shortage of funds. Consequently, it is argued, if both the total supply of credit (money available for borrowing) and the amount of credit sought by nongovernment borrowers remain relatively stable, as is often supposed, then the price of credit (the interest rate) will increase. That this is so is suggested by the basic economic principle that if supplies of a commodity (here, credit) remain fixed and demand for that commodity increases, its price will also increase. The second argument supposes that the government will tend to finance its deficits by increasing the money supply with insufficient regard for whether there is enough room for economic growth to enable such an increase to occur without causing inflation. It is then argued that financiers will expect the deficit to cause inflation and will raise interest rates, anticipating that because of inflation the money they lend will be worth less when paid back.
Unfortunately for the first argument, it is unreasonable to assume that nongovernment borrowing and the supply of credit will remain relatively stable. Nongovernment borrowing sometimes decreases. When it does, increased government borrowing will not necessarily push up the total demand for credit. Alternatively, when credit availability increases, for example through greater foreign lending to the United States, then interest rates need not rise, even if both private and government borrowing increase.
The second argument is also problematic. Financing the deficit by increasing the money supply should cause inflation only when there is not enough room for economic growth. Currently, there is no reason to expect deficits to cause inflation. However, since many financiers believe that deficits ordinarily create inflation, then admittedly they will be inclined to raise interest rates to offset mistakenly anticipated inflation. This effect, however, is due to ignorance, not to the deficit itself, and could be lessened by educating financiers on this issue.
Question 33: 700-800
Which of the following best summarizes the central idea of the passage?
(A) A decrease in nongovernment borrowing or an increase in the availability of credit can eliminate or lessen the ill effects of increased borrowing by the government.
(B) Educating financiers about the true relationship between large federal deficits and high interest rates will make financiers less prone to raise interest rates in response to deficits.
(C) There is little support for the widely held belief that large federal deficits will create higher interest rates, as the main arguments given to defend this claim are flawed.
(D) When the government borrows money, demand for credit increases, typically creating higher interest rates unless special conditions such as decreased consumer spending arise.

(E) Given that most financiers believe in a cause-and-effect relationship between large deficits and high interest rates, it should be expected that financiers will raise interest rates.
Question 34:

It can be inferred from the passage that proponents of the second argument would most likely agree with which of the following statements?
(A) The United States government does not usually care whether or not inflation increases.
(B) People in the United States government generally know very little about economics.
(C) The United States government is sometimes careless in formulating its economic policies.
(D) The United States government sometimes relies too much on the easy availability of foreign credit.
(E) The United States government increases the money supply whenever there is enough room for growth to support the increase.
Question 35:
Which of the following claims concerning the United States government's financing of the deficit does the author make in discussing the second argument?
(A) The government will decrease the money supply in times when the government does not have a deficit to finance.
(B) The government finances its deficits by increasing the money supply whenever the economy is expanding.
(C) As long as the government finances the deficit by borrowing, nongovernment borrowers will pay higher interest rates.
(D) The only way for the government to finance its deficits is to increase the money supply without regard for whether such an increase would cause inflation.
(E) Inflation should be caused when the government finances the deficit by increasing the money supply only if there is not enough room for economic growth to support the increase.
Question 36: 800
The author uses the term "admittedly" (see highlighted text) in order to indicate that
(A) the second argument has some truth to it, though not for the reasons usually supposed
(B) the author has not been successful in attempting to point out inadequacies in the two arguments
(C) the thesis that large deficits directly cause interest rates to rise has strong support after all
(D) financiers should admit that they were wrong in thinking that large deficits will cause higher inflation rates
(E) financiers generally do not think that the author's criticisms of the second argument are worthy of consideration
【参考答案】:CCEA
【智哥精解】【参考译文】
传统观点认为美国预算的巨大赤字会导致利率上升。对这个观点有两种主要论点。根据第一个,当赤字增加,政府将会借更多来弥补随后的资金紧缺。结果,它辩称,如果贷款(可供借款的钱)的供应总量和非政府借款人寻求的贷款数量保持相对稳定,通常是这样认为的,接着贷款价格(利率)就会上升。这是根据基本经济原理提出的,如果一种商品(在这里,信贷)的供应量保持不变并且对这种商品的需求增加,它的价格也会上涨。第二种观点假设说政府将会倾向于通过增加货币供应来给赤字筹措资金,而没有充分考虑到是否有给经济增长的足够的空间来让这样的增长出现而不会导致通货膨胀。然后它辩称说金融家会预期赤字会导致通胀并且会抬高利率,期待说由于通胀,他世界杯今日比分们借出的钱在还回来时已经贬值了。
很不幸,第一个观点假定说非政府借款和信贷的供应会保持相对稳定是不合理的。非政府借款有时会降低。当它发生时,增加的政府借款不会必须促使信贷的整体需求增加。或者,当信贷数量增加,比如通过国外借贷,然后利率不需要增加,即使私人和政府借贷都增加。
第二个观点也是有问题的。通过增加货币供应来给赤字筹款只会在没有足够的空间提供给经济增长时才会导致通胀。目前,没有理由来预期赤字会导致通胀。但是,由于很多金融家相信赤字通常会造成通胀,接着无可否认他们将会有意提高利率来抵消错误地预期的通胀。这种效应,但是,是由于无知,而不是赤字本身,并且可以通过在这个问题上教育金融家来减轻。
【文章脉络】:
传统观点认为大的赤字会让利率上涨——主要有两个论点——介绍两个论点——分别说出这两个论点的问题(两个论点的assumption是有问题的)
Question 33: 700-800
主旨题。考点:
主旨(Main idea) 旨在考察我世界杯赛事投注平台们对文章整体的把握程度,对文章的结构的分析能力和把控能力,以及对作者逻辑的判断。
本题在问作者这篇文章主要想表达什么,作者先介绍了两个观点,然后指出这两个主流观点都是有误的。
选项分析:
(A) 非政府人借钱的减少或可供信贷额度的增加可以取消或减少政府增加借贷的不利影响。这个选项基本来源于第一个论点的相关内容,作者想要主要说明的不是第一个论点,而是这两个论点都是不正确的。
(B) 教育金融家们并让他们了解赤字与利率的真正关系,这会让他们不那么容易去提升利率。这个选项来源于最后一句话,不过这不是作者这篇文章主要试图说明的事情,是一个小的细节。
(C) Correct。因为证明赤字会引起高利率的论点是错误的,所以赤字会引起高利率这个观点是没有根据的。考点里已经阐述,很正确。
(D) 当政府借钱时,借贷需求上升,通常引发利率上升,除非有特殊情况比如顾客消费下降的出现。这个选项基本说的都是第一个论点。不是中心意思,并且第一个论点也没有提到任何特殊情况。
(E) 考虑到大多数金融家相信大赤字和高利率的因果关系,应该预期金融家们会上调利率。这个不是核心内容,核心是说两个观点是错的,而且大赤字不会导致高利率。
Question 34:
细节题。考点:
推断(Inference) 旨在考察我们对文章的深度理解,以及逻辑推断能力。
第二个观点的支持者会同意什么,那就定位在第一段的第二个argument阐述的内容那里,第二种观点假设说政府将会倾向于通过增加货币供应来给赤字筹措资金,而没有充分考虑到是否有给经济增长的足够的空间来让这样的增长出现而不会导致通货膨胀。然后它辩称说金融家会预期赤字会导致通胀并且会抬高利率,期待说由于通胀,他们借出的钱在还回来时已经贬值了。
选项分析:
(A) 美国政府通常不关心是否通货膨胀是否会增加。这个选项做了一个概念偷换,即美国政府不关心的是增加借贷会否引发通货膨胀,而不是不关心通货膨胀是否增加。
(B) 政府的人一般都对经济知之甚少。文章中类似的观点出现在“This effect, however, is due to ignorance, not to the deficit itself, and could be lessened by educating financiers on this issue.”。金融家和people in government不是一个意思,而且对赤字和利率的无知也不等于对经济无知。
(C) Correct。美国政府制定经济政策时有时候是比较粗心的。这个从“the government will tend to finance its deficits by increasing the money supply with insufficient regard for whether there is enough room for economic growth to enable such an increase to occur without causing inflation. ”这里的with insufficient regard for,和careless是同意替换。
(D) 美国政府有时候十分依赖外国的贷款。出现类似这个选项的是在原文第二段中“Alternatively, when credit availability increases, for example through greater foreign lending tothe United States, then interest rates need not rise, even if both private and government borrowing increase.”,但是没有证据证明美国政府依赖这些贷款。
(E) 美国政府只要有足够的空间支持这个增加时就会增加货币的供应。这个显然太扯了。
Question 35:
细节题。考点:
支持主题(Supporting ideas) 旨在考察我们对文章细节的认知
这题定位在第一段讲second argument的地方和第三段讲作者的观点的地方。
选项分析:
(A) 当不需要弥补赤字时,政府将会减少钱款的供应。此选项较易错选,文章中提到了政府会增加供应钱款以应对赤字。但是反过来(否命题)却不一定正确。
(B) 只要当经济增长时,政府就会增加货币的供应来填补赤字。在文中第一段找到这句话“The second argument supposes that the government will tend to finance its deficits by increasing the money supply with insufficient regard for whether there is enough room for economic growth to enable such an increase to occur without causing inflation.”。作者想说的是政府实际上是不管经济增长与否而加钱来填补赤字的。
(C) 只要政府通过借贷来填补赤字了,那么非政府的人就要支付更高的利息。第二个论点中没有提到关于非政府人员的问题。其次,如果在“enough room”的范围内的话,人们是应该不会支付高额利率的。
(D) 政府填补赤字的唯一方法是不论会不会产生通货膨胀,都要增加钱款供应。第二个论点没有提及“the only way”的问题,太绝对了。
(E) Correct。通货膨胀只有在没有足够的经济增长空间时政府增大钱款的供应后才会发生。这句话基本是文中第三段这句话 “Financing the deficit by increasing the money supply should cause inflation only when there is not enough room for economic growth.”,只是换了个说法。
Question 36: 800
细节题。考点:
逻辑结构(Logical structure) 旨在考察我们对文章结构的认知,以及对作者行文目的的判断。

这道题目定位在出现高亮词的那句话中。“admittedly”本身的意思是固然的意思。相信大家在作文中时常把它用作“让步段”首句。这里先来给大家翻译高亮词所在的句子。
意思是“但是,因为金融学家认为赤字按道理说会引起通货膨胀,故他们固然会倾向于增长利率来期望补偿他们所错误认为的会增长的通货膨胀。”
选项分析:
(A) Correct。第二个论点有他真实的地方,虽然不是它假定的原因。(意思是第二个论点有对的地方,虽然引发利率上涨的原因是不正确的),没错,利率确实是会上涨的,但是不是因为赤字真的会引发通货膨胀,而是金融学家们认为会引发通货膨胀而上调利率。
(B) 作者没有成功的指出两个观点的不足之处。这个显然不对了,作者明确指出了两个论点的不妥之处。
(C) 赤字会直接引起利率的上升这个理论毕竟还是有强烈的支持的。作者说第二个观点有其可取之处,做了让步,但是没有理由认为第二论点有强大的支持,文中也提到了这句话来否认这一观点“Currently, there is no reason to expect deficits to cause inflation. ”
(D) 金融学家应该承认他们在认为赤字会引发通货膨胀率这一观点上有错误。这句话本身没有错误,但是错的是这里“admittedly”不是为了说明金融学家们应该承认他们有错,而是为了说明赤字会引发通货膨胀是有一定的原由的。
(E) 金融学家们通常不认为作者对于第二个论点的批评是值得考虑的。这个选项有些无稽之谈了,作为作者,怎么会在行文中目的是拆自己的台呢?所以这个选项不会是正确选项。
【智哥点评】:这篇文章虽然很长,但读起来应该难度不算很大,考点也主要是考察文章里的态度性问题,只要搞懂了,做起来也不会很难。不过文章题材是个不错的题材,刚好可以了解一下美国政党的历史,美国1776年建国,民主党是1791年成立,共和党是1854年成立。